The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) is used by many universities worldwide to assess English language proficiency for academic admission and placement decisions. This volume provides a description and analysis of Educational Testing Service's research and development efforts to develop a major revision of the TOEFL test. "? makes a significant contribution to the field of language assessment by bringing together in one volume all of the excellent work that has gone into the revision of one of the world's most influential tests. A welcome addition to the library of anyone interested in assessment issues, both in the U.S. and internationally."--Sarah Cushing Weigle, Georgia State University, U.S. "? a unique and important contribution to the fields of educational measurement, applied linguistics, and language testing, Most of what one finds in the professional literature in terms of validation work involves research and analyses of data gathered from the use of an instrument that is already 'live.' What makes this volume so interesting and unique is that it offers measurement experts and language testers insights into how construct theory - in this case foreign/second language proficiency - and validity arguments come together to drive the test development process."--Micheline Chaloub-Deville, University of Iowa, U.S.